As a veterinarian with years of experience caring for pets, I’ve noticed that many cat owners also have dogs or are curious about canine health. While this post focuses on common dog diseases, understanding these conditions can enrich your knowledge as a pet parent and help you spot signs early, whether you have cats, dogs, or both. The truth is, diseases don’t discriminate by species, and some illnesses share similarities across pets. Knowing what to look out for can make all the difference in prevention, timely treatment, and overall pet wellbeing.
In this comprehensive guide, I’ll walk you through 19 of the most common dog diseases, explaining each one in detail, the causes, symptoms, treatments, and, importantly, how to prevent them. My goal is to empower you with trusted, vet-approved information that respects your time and your pets’ health. While you might be searching for insight into common cat disease issues, expanding your understanding of dog diseases is valuable too, especially for multi-pet households. So, let’s dive in and learn how to keep our furry friends happy and healthy for years to come.
1- Canine Parvovirus (Parvo)
Introduction:
Parvo, short for canine parvovirus, is one of the most common dog diseases and is a severe and potentially fatal illness that mainly affects puppies and dogs that haven’t been vaccinated. It’s one of the most aggressive viral infections I encounter in the clinic, and I’ve personally seen it devastate entire litters within days. The virus attacks rapidly dividing cells, particularly in the intestinal lining and bone marrow, which leads to extreme gastrointestinal symptoms and dangerously low white blood cell counts. It is a veterinary emergency and demands immediate medical attention.
Causes (Etiology):
The parvovirus is incredibly resilient in the environment, capable of surviving for months in soil, kennels, and on surfaces like bowls and clothing. It is primarily spread through direct contact with infected feces, but dogs can also get it indirectly, say, if they sniff a contaminated sidewalk or play with an infected toy. Puppies are most vulnerable, especially if they haven’t completed their vaccination series. Even indoor pets can be at risk if the virus is carried into the home on shoes or hands.
Symptoms:
Parvo doesn’t creep in slowly, it hits hard and fast. Affected dogs often become lethargic and depressed, refusing to eat or drink. Soon after, vomiting and foul-smelling, often bloody diarrhea begin. The loss of fluids leads to rapid dehydration, which makes the animal even weaker. Many dogs also develop a fever and abdominal pain, hunching over in discomfort.
Treatment:
There is no antiviral medication that directly kills parvovirus. Treatment is intensive and centers on aggressive supportive care. This includes intravenous fluids to combat dehydration, antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections, anti-nausea medications, and sometimes plasma transfusions. Hospitalization is almost always required for moderate to severe cases. I’ve personally seen puppies who were on the brink of death bounce back after 5–7 days of round-the-clock care, but it’s a difficult and expensive process.
Prevention:
Vaccination is your strongest line of defense against parvo. Puppies should receive their first parvo vaccine around 6–8 weeks of age, followed by boosters every 3–4 weeks until at least 16 weeks old. Following the initial vaccination series, booster shots are usually advised every one to three years to maintain immunity. Until your pup is fully vaccinated, avoid dog parks, pet stores, and socialization with unknown dogs. Hygiene also matters—disinfect with parvo-effective products and wash hands thoroughly after contact with other dogs.
2- Canine Distemper
Introduction:
Canine distemper is another highly contagious and often fatal viral disease that I often describe as the “silent spreader.” It affects multiple body systems, including the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and central nervous system. What makes distemper particularly frightening is its unpredictable course; some dogs recover fully, others are left with lifelong neurological issues, and some don’t make it at all.
Causes (Etiology):
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is related to the human measles virus. It spreads through respiratory droplets, dogs can become infected by being near another dog that coughs or sneezes. The virus can also be transmitted through contaminated food and water bowls, as well as shared grooming equipment. Wildlife such as raccoons and foxes can carry and transmit the virus, which makes outdoor dogs particularly at risk. Unvaccinated and immunocompromised puppies and dogs, respectively, are very easy targets for CDV.
Symptoms:
The initial symptoms often mimic a mild cold or respiratory infection: sneezing, eye and nasal discharge, coughing, fever, and lethargy. Over the next few days, the dog may develop vomiting and diarrhea. The virus often then attacks the nervous system, causing seizures, uncoordinated movement, tremors, or muscle twitching. Some dogs may also develop hardened footpads or nasal skin. Neurological symptoms can appear weeks after initial recovery, making follow-up care essential.
Treatment:
Unfortunately, there is no cure for distemper. Treatment is supportive and tailored to the dog’s symptoms. We administer IV fluids to maintain hydration, anti-nausea and anti-diarrheal drugs, anticonvulsants for seizures, and sometimes antibiotics to treat secondary infections. In critical cases, dogs may require oxygen therapy or feeding tubes.
Prevention:
The distemper vaccine is part of the core vaccination schedule and should not be skipped. Puppies typically receive their first dose at 6–8 weeks, followed by boosters. Annual revaccination or titer testing helps ensure continued immunity. Avoid exposure to sick dogs and wildlife. If you foster or rescue dogs, always isolate new arrivals until they’re tested and vaccinated.
3- Kennel Cough (Canine Infectious Tracheobronchitis)
Introduction:
Kennel cough is a common yet frustrating disease that spreads like wildfire in places where dogs congregate, kennels, grooming salons, training classes, and dog parks. It’s similar to the human cold in that it usually resolves on its own, but can be severe in puppies, seniors, or dogs with underlying conditions. I recall one outbreak that swept through a boarding facility in our town, nearly every dog left with a honking cough and anxious pet parents.
Causes (Etiology):
Kennel cough isn’t caused by just one pathogen; it’s usually a combination. The main bacterial culprit is Bordetella bronchiseptica, often in conjunction with viruses like canine parainfluenza and adenovirus. These pathogens spread through airborne droplets when infected dogs cough or sneeze. Contaminated surfaces, leashes, and even hands can also play a role.
Symptoms:
The hallmark sign is a persistent, dry, hacking cough that can sound like something is stuck in the dog’s throat. It often worsens at night or after excitement. Some dogs may also have nasal discharge, mild fever, sneezing, or gagging. Most remain alert and eat normally, though more serious cases might show lethargy and loss of appetite.
Treatment:
Mild cases typically resolve within 1–2 weeks without medical intervention. Still, I often prescribe cough suppressants and sometimes antibiotics if a bacterial infection is suspected. More severe infections may require bronchodilators or anti-inflammatories. I always recommend isolating affected dogs to prevent the spread.
Prevention:
There is a vaccine for Bordetella bronchiseptica, often given as a nasal spray or injection. It’s not 100% effective, but it reduces severity. If your dog frequents doggy daycares or boarding facilities, they should be vaccinated. Good ventilation and disinfection protocols in group environments also play a huge role in prevention.
4- Rabies
Introduction:
Rabies is a deadly virus, impacts both dogs and humans alike. This virus targets the Central Nervous System of the host. It’s one of the most feared zoonotic diseases due to its high mortality rate once clinical symptoms appear. In my veterinary practice, I’ve encountered cases where unvaccinated dogs were exposed to rabid wildlife, leading to heartbreaking outcomes.
Causes (Etiology):
Rabies is caused by the rabies virus, typically transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal via bites or scratches. In many regions, wildlife such as bats, raccoons, foxes, and skunks are common reservoirs of the virus. Domestic animals, including dogs, can become infected if they come into contact with these wild carriers.
Symptoms:
Early signs include behavioral changes like anxiety, restlessness, and aggression. As rabies advances, infected dogs may become extremely sensitive to touch, light, and sound. Dogs may show signs of excessive drooling and progressive paralysis. Ultimately, the condition results in coma and death.
Treatment:
Once clinical signs of rabies appear, there is no effective treatment, and the disease is almost always fatal. Supportive care is not effective, and euthanasia is often recommended to prevent suffering and transmission.
Prevention:
The best defense against rabies is vaccination. Puppies should get their initial rabies shot between 3 and 4 months old, with booster doses administered regularly based on your vet’s guidance. Keeping dogs away from wild animals and supervising them during outdoor activities can also reduce the risk of exposure.
5- Heartworm Disease
Introduction:
Heartworm disease is a deadly illness caused by parasitic worms that inhabit the heart and pulmonary arteries in infected dogs. I recall treating a rescue dog named Bella, who was diagnosed with advanced heartworm disease. Her case underscored the importance of early detection and prevention.
Causes (Etiology):
“Dirofilaria immitis” is a parasitic nematode that causes heartworm disease in dogs, mainly targeting the heart and the major arteries surrounding it. When a mosquito feeds on an infected animal, it picks up microfilariae that later develop into infectious larvae.. These larvae are then transmitted to another dog during subsequent bites, grow into adult worms in the new host.
Symptoms:
Early stages of heartworm disease may be asymptomatic. As the disease progresses, dogs may develop a persistent cough, fatigue after moderate activity, decreased appetite, and weight loss.
Treatment:
Treatment involves a series of injections to kill adult heartworms, along with medications to eliminate microfilariae. The process can be risky and requires strict activity restriction to prevent complications. Supportive care, including anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics, may also be necessary.
Prevention:
Monthly heartworm preventatives, available as oral or topical medications, are highly effective in preventing infection. Even dogs on preventatives should be tested regularly, as no preventive measure is 100% foolproof.
6- Lyme Disease
Introduction:
Lyme disease is a tick-transmitted infection that poses serious health risks to dogs. It is caused by the bacterium “Borrelia burgdorferi”, which spreads through the bite of infected black-legged ticks. In my practice, I’ve seen dogs develop joint pain and lethargy due to Lyme disease, highlighting the need for vigilance in tick prevention.
Causes (Etiology):
Lyme disease primarily results from the bite of an infected tick, especially the deer tick “Ixodes scapularis”. The bacterium is transmitted to the dog during the tick’s feeding process, which can take several hours.
Symptoms:
Dogs affected by Lyme disease often show signs such as fever, limping, swollen joints, reduced appetite, and low energy levels. In some cases, kidney problems can develop, posing a serious health risk.
Treatment:
Treatment usually consists of a several-week course of antibiotics like doxycycline. While most dogs recover well with this therapy, some might have recurring symptoms. If the kidneys are affected, extra supportive care is often required.
Prevention:
To prevent Lyme disease, it’s important to regularly use tick control methods like topical treatments, tick collars, or oral medications. Checking your dog for ticks after outdoor activities and promptly removing any found can also reduce the risk. Vaccines for Lyme disease are available and might be recommended for dogs living in areas with a high risk of tick exposure.
7- Canine Influenza (Dog Flu)
Introduction:
Dog flu, or canine influenza, is a contagious respiratory infection triggered by certain influenza virus strains that specifically affect dogs. Outbreaks can occur in kennels, shelters, and dog parks. I recall an outbreak in our local area that affected several dogs, emphasizing the importance of awareness and prevention.
Causes (Etiology):
Dog flu is caused by influenza A viruses, more specifically by H3N8 and H3N2 strains. Transmission of the virus occurs through respiratory droplets, contaminated surfaces, and close interaction with infected dogs. The virus can survive on surfaces for up to 48 hours, making it highly contagious in environments where dogs congregate.
Symptoms:
As it is a respiratory disease, dogs show respiratory system-related symptoms like coughing and sneezing. Some dogs may develop more severe symptoms, such as pneumonia, especially if they have underlying health conditions.
Treatment:
Treatment focuses on supportive care, including rest, hydration, and nutrition. In some cases, antiviral medications and antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections may be prescribed. With the right treatment, most of the dogs recover within days.
Prevention:
Fortunately, preventive vaccines are available for both strains of canine influenza: H3N8 and H3N2. While not all dogs need this vaccine, it’s recommended for those frequently in contact with other dogs. Maintaining good hygiene and isolating sick dogs can also help prevent the spread.
8- Leptospirosis
Introduction:
Leptospirosis is a bacterial and zoonotic disease that poses a risk to both dogs and humans. In dogs, it can cause serious damage to the kidneys and liver. I treated a case where a dog contracted leptospirosis after swimming in a contaminated pond, highlighting environmental risks.
Causes (Etiology):
Leptospirosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, found in water contaminated with urine from infected animals, such as rodents. Dogs can become infected through contact with contaminated water, soil, or food, or through open wounds.
Symptoms:
Symptoms vary but may include fever, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle tenderness, jaundice, and increased thirst and urination. In severe cases, it can lead to kidney or liver failure, and even death if not treated promptly.
Treatment:
Early treatment with antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, is crucial. Supportive care, including fluid therapy and medications to manage symptoms, may also be necessary.
Prevention:
Vaccination against leptospirosis is available and recommended, especially for dogs in high-risk areas. Preventing exposure to potentially contaminated water sources and controlling rodent populations can also reduce risk.
9- Canine Coronavirus
Introduction:
Canine coronavirus is a contagious virus that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract of dogs. It’s different from the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 in humans. While often less severe, it can cause discomfort and complications, especially in puppies.
Causes (Etiology):
The virus spreads through oral contact with infected feces or contaminated surfaces. Overcrowded or unsanitary conditions, such as in kennels or shelters, can facilitate transmission.
Symptoms:
Symptoms include mild to moderate diarrhea, decreased appetite, lethargy, and occasional vomiting.
Treatment:
Treatment of kennel cough is based on supportive care, as no specific treatment is available. Ensuring the dog stays hydrated and maintains nutritional intake is essential. Most dogs recover within a few days with appropriate care.
Prevention:
Maintaining good hygiene, regular cleaning of living areas, and avoiding contact with infected dogs can help prevent infection.
10- Canine Hepatitis (Infectious Canine Hepatitis)
Introduction:
Infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) is a viral disease that targets the liver, kidneys, and blood vessels in dogs. It’s caused by the canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1), and though it’s not as common today thanks to vaccination, I still educate clients regularly about it. I remember a case involving a young, unvaccinated Labrador who presented with severe abdominal pain and jaundice, a classic picture of ICH. It’s heartbreaking to watch when it hits.
Causes (Etiology):
ICH is caused by canine adenovirus type 1, which spreads through the bodily fluids, especially urine, of infected dogsInfection in dogs usually occurs through direct exposure to contaminated urine, saliva, or nasal secretions, or by licking and sniffing contaminated objects or areas. Once inside the body, the virus travels to the liver and other organs, where it starts causing damage.
Symptoms:
Signs can range from mild to severe. Dogs may show lethargy, fever, loss of appetite, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. One characteristic symptom is “blue eye,” which presents as a cloudy, bluish haze on the cornea caused by inflammation. In severe cases, there may be bleeding from the nose or gums, seizures, or even sudden death.
Treatment:
There’s no direct antiviral treatment for ICH. Supportive care is the mainstay and may include intravenous fluids, antiemetics for vomiting, antibiotics to prevent secondary infections, and liver-protective medications. In mild cases, home management may suffice, but moderate to severe cases often need hospitalization and close monitoring.
Prevention:
Protection against CAV-1 is provided through the routine combination vaccines, such as DAPP or DHPP. Ensuring your dog gets their full vaccine series as a puppy and stays up to date on boosters is the best way to prevent this disease.
11- Tick-Borne Ehrlichiosis
Introduction:
Ehrlichiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by Ehrlichia canis, a bacterium that infects white blood cells. It was first recognized in military dogs returning from Vietnam, and since then, it’s become a known threat in many warm-weather regions. I’ve treated working dogs and house pets alike for this disease, especially in spring and summer when ticks are most active.
Causes (Etiology):
The primary vector responsible for transmitting “Ehrlichia canis” is the brown dog tick, known scientifically as “Rhipicephalus sanguineus”. When a tick carrying the bacteria bites a dog, it transmits the organism into the bloodstream. The bacteria then infect white blood cells and can disrupt the immune system, causing a range of symptoms depending on the stage of infection: acute, subclinical, or chronic.
Symptoms:
Symptoms vary widely depending on the stage. In the acute stage, dogs may develop fever, swollen lymph nodes, lethargy, and loss of appetite. In the chronic phase, more serious signs like bleeding disorders, weight loss, neurological symptoms, and bone marrow suppression can occur. Some dogs may become carriers without showing outward symptoms, complicating diagnosis.
Treatment:
The antibiotic doxycycline is the treatment of choice and is typically prescribed for 3–4 weeks. Supportive care may be needed for dogs showing severe clinical signs. Response to treatment is usually excellent in acute cases, but dogs with chronic disease may need long-term monitoring and care.
Prevention:
The best defense against ehrlichiosis is effective tick control. I recommend using monthly tick preventatives, performing daily tick checks, and avoiding tall grass or wooded areas during peak tick seasons. Routine screening through annual blood tests can catch infections early.
12- Pancreatitis
Introduction:
Pancreatitis is a painful condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, which can become serious if left untreated. I often see it crop up after dogs eat fatty foods, especially around holidays when well-meaning owners sneak them table scraps. One of my patients, a mini schnauzer named Daisy, had to be hospitalized after eating leftover turkey skin.
Causes (Etiology):
While the exact cause is sometimes unknown, pancreatitis is often triggered by high-fat meals, obesity, or underlying conditions like diabetes or hypothyroidism. Certain breeds, like miniature schnauzers and cocker spaniels, are genetically more susceptible. In some cases, medications like corticosteroids can contribute.
Symptoms:
Typical symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tiredness, and loss of appetite. In serious cases, dogs may collapse, show signs of shock, or develop systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).
Treatment:
Treatment typically requires hospitalization, especially in moderate to severe cases. Dogs are placed on IV fluids, given anti-nausea and pain medications, and fasted to allow the pancreas to rest. Gradual reintroduction of a bland, low-fat diet follows. Most recover within a few days to a week, though some require ongoing dietary management.
Prevention:
Feeding a balanced, low-fat diet and avoiding fatty table scraps can go a long way in preventing pancreatitis. Regular vet visits and weight management are also crucial, especially for at-risk breeds.
13- Hypothyroidism
Introduction:
Hypothyroidism is a common hormonal condition in dogs caused by insufficient activity of the thyroid gland. This condition may cause symptoms such as weight gain, decreased energy, and alterations in the coat’s appearance. While the symptoms aren’t life-threatening on their own, they can significantly reduce a dog’s quality of life. One golden retriever I treated, Max, transformed dramatically after starting thyroid hormone replacement; his energy, coat, and even personality bounced back.
Causes (Etiology):
Most cases of hypothyroidism in dogs are due to autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland or idiopathic atrophy, where the gland shrinks without a known cause. Rarely, tumors or congenital defects may be responsible.
Symptoms:
Symptoms usually appear slowly over time and are often mistaken for normal aging. These include weight gain without increased appetite, lethargy, hair thinning or loss (especially on the trunk), dry or flaky skin, intolerance to cold, and recurrent ear infections. Some dogs may also exhibit behavioral changes like depression or aggression.
Treatment:
The typical treatment involves giving a daily oral dose of synthetic thyroid hormone, such as levothyroxine. Once the correct dosage is found, dogs typically return to normal activity and health within weeks. Periodic blood tests are necessary to monitor thyroid hormone levels and adjust dosage as needed.
Prevention:
There’s no known way to prevent hypothyroidism, as it’s often genetically driven. However, early diagnosis through routine bloodwork, especially in at-risk breeds, can help manage the condition effectively before it affects the dog’s well-being.
14- Diabetes Mellitus
Introduction:
Diabetes in dogs develops when the body fails to produce enough insulin or cannot properly utilize it, causing high blood sugar levels. I’ve worked with many diabetic dogs over the years, including a poodle named Coco who needed daily insulin and a strict meal schedule, but lived a long, happy life because her owner was committed and informed.
Causes (Etiology):
Canine diabetes is usually insulin-dependent (similar to Type 1 in humans) and often results from immune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Obesity, chronic pancreatitis, and genetics can increase the risk. Female dogs are more frequently affected, especially if unspayed.
Symptoms:
Common symptoms include increased thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, increased appetite, lethargy, and, in advanced cases, cataracts or vision loss. Without treatment, dogs can develop a life-threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Treatment:
Management involves daily insulin injections and a consistent, balanced diet. Regular blood glucose monitoring is essential, whether through vet visits or at home using a glucometer. Most dogs adapt well to injections, and with the right care, they can live full lives.
Prevention:
While not all cases are preventable, maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and managing underlying conditions like pancreatitis can help reduce risk. Spaying female dogs may also reduce the incidence of diabetes due to hormonal influences.
15- Cushing’s Disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)
Introduction:
Cushing’s disease, or hyperadrenocorticism, is a hormonal disorder that results from excessive production of cortisol, the stress hormone. It’s more common in middle-aged to older dogs, and while it develops slowly, its impact can be profound. I recall a senior poodle named Bella who had a pot-bellied appearance and was drinking water constantly. Her symptoms were subtle at first, but lab tests confirmed she had Cushing’s. With the right medication, she bounced back and lived comfortably for years.
Causes (Etiology):
Cushing’s disease is primarily caused by three factors: a tumor in the pituitary gland (pituitary-dependent Cushing’s, responsible for 80–85% of cases), a tumor in the adrenal gland (adrenal-dependent Cushing’s), and iatrogenic Cushing’s, which occurs due to the overuse of steroid medications.
Pituitary tumors cause the gland to overstimulate the adrenal glands, while adrenal tumors produce cortisol directly.
Symptoms:
The symptoms usually develop gradually and include increased thirst and urination, increased appetite, a pot-bellied abdomen, thinning skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and lethargy. Some dogs may develop skin infections that keep returning. Owners often mistake these signs for normal aging, which delays diagnosis.
Treatment:
Treatment depends on the cause. Pituitary-dependent Cushing’s is usually managed with medications like trilostane or mitotane that control cortisol production. Adrenal tumors may be surgically removed if operable. Regular monitoring through blood tests is essential to ensure proper hormone regulation.
Prevention:
Iatrogenic Cushing’s is preventable by avoiding long-term steroid use unless absolutely necessary. There’s no guaranteed prevention for naturally occurring forms, but routine vet check-ups and early blood work can catch hormonal imbalances before symptoms become severe.
16- Gastroenteritis
Introduction:
Gastroenteritis refers to inflammation of the stomach and intestines and is one of the most common reasons dogs are brought to the vet. I’ve seen it triggered by everything from dietary indiscretion (eating garbage) to stress and infections. Thankfully, most cases are mild and treatable, but they can look alarming to pet owners, especially if there’s vomiting or blood in the stool.
Causes (Etiology):
Gastroenteritis can be caused by bacterial or viral infections, parasites, spoiled food, food allergies, toxins, or even sudden dietary changes. Stress or travel (what some people call “kennel stress”) can also upset a dog’s GI tract.
Symptoms:
Dogs with gastroenteritis usually present with vomiting, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and lethargy. Dehydration can occur rapidly, especially in smaller dogs or puppies. The symptoms can overlap with more serious diseases, so diagnosis often requires blood tests and stool exams.
Treatment:
Mild cases are often managed by withholding food for a short period, then gradually reintroducing a bland diet like boiled chicken and rice. More serious cases may need fluids (oral or IV), anti-nausea and anti-diarrheal medications, and antibiotics if a bacterial infection is suspected. Deworming is also often included if parasites are found.
Prevention:
Preventing gastroenteritis involves feeding high-quality, consistent diets, avoiding table scraps, and keeping dogs from eating garbage or scavenging on walks. Regular deworming and vaccinations help prevent infectious causes. For anxious dogs, stress-reduction strategies (like calming chews or pheromone diffusers) can help.
17- Canine Leishmaniasis
Introduction:
Canine leishmaniasis is a serious, chronic disease caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum. It’s more common in warmer climates, especially Mediterranean regions, but is increasingly seen worldwide due to climate change and pet travel. Diagnosing leishmaniasis early made a big difference in managing his condition and extending his quality of life.
Causes (Etiology):
The disease is transmitted primarily through the bite of infected sandflies. The parasite infects white blood cells and can cause a systemic illness affecting the skin, kidneys, liver, and lymph nodes. Unlike many diseases, direct dog-to-dog transmission is rare; the vector is key.
Symptoms:
Symptoms vary widely and can include skin lesions, hair loss, ulcers, weight loss, swollen lymph nodes, and lethargy. Kidney failure is a serious complication and a common cause of death. Some dogs remain asymptomatic carriers for years, making diagnosis challenging without blood tests.
Treatment:
Treatment involves antiparasitic drugs like allopurinol combined with immunomodulators. Because the disease can relapse, lifelong management is often necessary. Regular monitoring of kidney function is crucial. While treatment may not cure leishmaniasis completely, it can control symptoms and improve lifespan.
Prevention:
Prevention focuses on protecting dogs from sandfly bites using insecticide-impregnated collars, topical repellents, and avoiding outdoor activity at peak sandfly times (dusk and dawn). Vaccines are available in some countries but are not 100% effective.
18- Canine Osteoarthritis
Introduction:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease common in aging dogs and those with joint injuries or congenital issues like hip dysplasia. It causes chronic pain and mobility loss, which can greatly affect your dog’s quality of life. I’ve seen many dogs that initially seemed “just slowing down with age” but were actually in pain from OA. Early detection and treatment can help dogs stay active longer.
Causes (Etiology):
OA results from wear and tear of joint cartilage, often accelerated by trauma, obesity, genetics, or repeated strain. Inflammatory processes worsen the condition over time, leading to stiffness and pain.
Symptoms:
Dogs with OA may limp, have difficulty rising, show reluctance to jump or climb stairs, and display behavioral changes like irritability. Joint swelling or muscle atrophy may be noticeable. Symptoms tend to worsen after rest or cold weather.
Treatment:
There’s no cure, but treatment focuses on pain management and improving joint function. This includes weight management, physical therapy, joint supplements (like glucosamine and chondroitin), and medications such as NSAIDs. In advanced cases, surgery may be considered. Regular follow-up is necessary to adjust treatment as the disease progresses.
Prevention:
Maintaining a healthy weight, avoiding excessive repetitive exercise, and early management of joint injuries can reduce OA risk. Regular vet check-ups to monitor joint health in at-risk breeds help catch problems early.
19- Cherry Eye (Prolapsed Nictitating Membrane Gland)
Introduction:
Cherry eye is a condition that often surprises dog owners, especially when they wake up to see a red, fleshy mass bulging from the inner corner of their dog’s eye. It’s called “cherry eye” because the protruding gland resembles a red cherry. Though it might look alarming, it’s not immediately painful, but it can lead to long-term eye issues if untreated. I remember treating a young Bulldog named Tank who came in with this classic red lump. His owner was panicked, thinking it was a tumor. Thankfully, it was just a prolapsed tear gland, and we handled it quickly with surgery.
Causes (Etiology):
Cherry eye is the prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid, which helps produce tears to keep the eye moist. This gland is normally held in place by connective tissue, but in some dogs, especially young ones, the tissue is weak or underdeveloped. The exact cause isn’t always known, but genetics plays a strong role. Brachycephalic breeds like Bulldogs, Cocker Spaniels, Beagles, and Shih Tzus are especially prone to it.
Symptoms:
The most noticeable sign is a pink or red lump at the corner of one or both eyes. Dogs may also paw at the eye, squint, or show signs of eye irritation. If the gland is exposed for too long, it can dry out, swell, or become infected, worsening the inflammation and potentially reducing tear production long-term.
Treatment:
The most effective treatment is surgical correction, not removal. Years ago, cherry eye used to be treated by excising the gland, but we now know this leads to “dry eye” (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) later in life. Today, we reposition the gland back into place using a technique called a “pocket” or “tacking” procedure. Recovery is usually quick, and with proper care, recurrence is rare.
Prevention:
Unfortunately, there’s no surefire way to prevent cherry eye, especially in predisposed breeds. However, early veterinary evaluation and prompt surgery when prolapse occurs greatly reduce complications. Breeders should be cautious about breeding dogs with a history of cherry eye, as the trait is likely heritable. Regular eye exams during puppyhood help detect early signs before irritation sets in.
Final Thoughts from the Vet’s Desk
Taking care of your pets means staying informed about the health challenges they might face, and knowledge is your best tool to keep them safe. The 19 diseases we covered today are some of the most frequent and impactful illnesses affecting dogs, and understanding them can help you recognize warning signs early and take appropriate action. Even if your primary interest lies in common cat disease, being familiar with dog diseases is equally important if you share your home with both species.
From infectious diseases like parvovirus and distemper to chronic conditions such as hypothyroidism and osteoarthritis, each disease requires vigilance, timely diagnosis, and proper care. Remember, prevention is always better than cure—regular veterinary check-ups, vaccinations, good nutrition, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle for your pets can dramatically reduce the risks. As a veterinarian, I’ve seen countless success stories where early intervention saved lives and improved well-being. I encourage you to stay proactive, ask questions, and build a strong partnership with your vet to ensure your pets live their best lives.
Thank you for trusting this guide as a reliable resource. Feel free to explore more articles on pet health, and remember, a well-informed pet parent is the best advocate for their furry family members.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1-How to cure a sick dog?
Curing a sick dog depends entirely on what’s making the dog sick. There’s no one-size-fits-all solution, and that’s why a proper veterinary diagnosis is the most important first step. As a veterinarian, I always tell pet parents: Don’t try to treat symptoms in isolation; get to the root cause.
For example, if your dog is vomiting, it could be anything from dietary indiscretion to pancreatitis or even kidney disease. We begin by running tests like blood work, X-rays, or an ultrasound to identify the problem. Treatment then depends on that diagnosis, fluids and rest for mild gastroenteritis, antibiotics for infections, insulin for diabetes, or surgery for something like a foreign object in the gut.
Supportive care plays a critical role in recovery. But remember: never give human medications like ibuprofen or Tylenol to dogs, as they can be toxic. Instead, consult your vet at the earliest sign of illness.
2-What is the number one cause of death in dogs?
The leading cause of death in dogs varies by age, breed, and geographic region, but cancer (especially hemangiosarcoma and lymphoma) is widely recognized as the #1 cause of death in adult and senior dogs. I’ve sadly had to deliver this diagnosis more times than I’d like, and it never gets easier for owners or veterinarians.
Cancer can develop silently over months before any symptoms appear. Many times, a dog may seem perfectly healthy until sudden weakness, pale gums, or internal bleeding show up.
Early detection is key. Regular wellness checks, especially after age 7, help catch problems early. Blood tests, X-rays, and abdominal ultrasounds can detect some cancers before symptoms start. While not all cancers are curable, early treatment, surgery, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy can extend both the quality and quantity of life.
3-What are the 7 diseases your dog can pass to you?
Yes, dogs can transmit various diseases to humans through a process called zoonosis. As both a vet and a pet advocate, I emphasize the importance of hygiene and preventive care to avoid transmission. Here are seven dog diseases that humans can catch:
- Rabies: A fatal and deadly viral disease spread through bites. Vaccination is essential for prevention.
- Ringworm: A fungal skin infection that causes circular rashes; easily transmitted by contact.
- Leptospirosis: A bacterial disease spread through urine-contaminated water; it can cause serious liver or kidney damage.
- Salmonella: Commonly spread through contaminated dog food or feces, especially in raw-fed dogs.
- Campylobacteriosis: A bacterial infection that causes diarrhea; spread through contact with feces.
- Roundworms and Hookworms: Parasites that can infect humans via contaminated soil or dog feces, especially dangerous for children.
- Scabies (Sarcoptic Mange): Mites that can temporarily cause itchy, red bumps on humans.
Proper vet care, regular deworming, vaccinations, and hygiene (like handwashing and poop scooping) can drastically reduce these risks.
4- When to worry about a dog?
Knowing when to worry about your dog can be life-saving. As a vet, I always advise: if you’re unsure, it’s better to check than to wait. Some signs require urgent medical attention, even if they seem minor at first. Here are the red flags:
- Sudden lethargy or collapse, especially if your dog is normally active.
- Labored or noisy breathing could signal a respiratory emergency.
- Repeated vomiting or diarrhea more than 2–3 episodes in a day, or with blood.
- Pale gums can indicate internal bleeding or shock.
- Seizures always require immediate evaluation.
- A swollen abdomen could mean bloat, which is fatal if untreated.
Trust your gut. You know your dog’s normal behavior better than anyone. If something feels off, especially with sudden or worsening symptoms, don’t delay—call your vet right away.
5- What dog disease has no cure?
There are several incurable dog diseases, but one of the most heartbreaking is Canine Distemper, especially when it progresses to the neurological stage. This viral disease attacks the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and nervous systems, and while some dogs recover from early symptoms, the damage is often irreversible once the brain is affected.
Another example is Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD), akin to Alzheimer’s in humans. It affects older dogs and causes memory loss, confusion, and behavioral changes. While not fatal, it cannot be cured, only managed.
Additionally, genetic conditions like degenerative myelopathy or progressive retinal atrophy also have no known cure. In these cases, the goal becomes quality-of-life management through supportive care, mobility aids, and routine monitoring.
While hearing “no cure” is devastating, what we can do is focus on comfort, early detection, and compassionate long-term care. A disease with no cure doesn’t mean a life without joy, and as vets, we’re here to support that journey every step of the way.